2023 12 Metre World Championship: The Next Big Thing

Editors’ Note: To receive the 12 Metre Worlds blog, sign up here: https://12mRworlds.com

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Barby MacGowan, Media Pro International, +1 (401) 849-0220 or Peggy Hersam, 12 Metre Yacht Club, +1 (203) 807-1066

12 Metre World Championship: The Next Big Thing

NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, USA (May 15, 2023)– NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, USA (May 14, 2023) – Less than three months away and on the heels of the Ocean Race stopover, the 2023 12mR World Championship will be the next world sailing competition in Newport, R.I. Sanctioned by the International Twelve Metre Association and hosted by the 12 Metre Yacht Club Newport Station in partnership with Organizing Authority Ida Lewis Yacht Club, the event is scheduled for July 30-August 5 and will see ten or more historic 12 Metres sailing on Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound. The participating teams will hail from as far away as Japan and as close as Newport, which has become a universal hub for 12 Metre sailing and home to many 12 Metres in the Americas Fleet as a result of the America’s Cup contested here in 12 Metres between 1958 and 1983.

Freedom (US-33) and Challenge XII (KA-10) will compete in the 2023 12mR World Championship this summer. Photo Credit: Daniel Forster

Recent developments include the announcement that Oakcliff Sailing will campaign for the Worlds aboard Courageous (US-26), recently acquired by Kimbra and Mark Walter (Chicago, Ill./Los Angeles, Calif.) and famous for being one of only two Twelves to win the America’s Cup twice. The Courageous team will be comprised of young, diverse sailors selected from Oakcliff’s Acorn and Sapling training programs.

“This will be a bit of a David-and-Goliath situation with our young, aspiring sailors racing 12 Metres against the best of the best from around the world,” said Oakcliff Executive Director Dawn Riley, who is a member of the America’s Cup Hall of Fame and will helm the boat. “Most of our sailors and some of their parents were not even alive the last time this class competed for the America’s Cup.”

Nevertheless, the team has a fighting chance based on the skills and teamwork sure to be derived from Oakcliff’s high-performance training programs. Located on the North Shore of Long Island in Oyster Bay, the organization is devoted to raising the caliber of sailing in the U.S. and is an official training center of the US Sailing Team, 11th Hour Racing, NYYC American Magic, IYRS, and the World Match Racing Tour.

Like many of the 12 Metres coming to Newport for the Worlds, Courageous will compete in two class-sanctioned regattas: the New York Yacht Club Annual Regatta, June 9-11 and the Sail Newport Regatta, July 8-9 (serving as the 12 Metre Pre-Worlds).

Practicing last week on Narragansett Bay was Japan’s Takashi Okura and his highly competitive international team aboard Freedom (US-30). They will be up against packed talent in the Modern Division aboard the aforementioned Courageous (US-26); Defender (US-33), skippered by veteran 12 Metre sailor Andy Rose (Newport Beach, Calif.); Enterprise (US-27), skippered by renowned racer Peter Askew (Key Largo, Fla.); and Challenge XII (KA-10), skippered by 2019 12 Metre World Champion Jack LeFort (Winter Park, Fla./Jamestown, R.I.) with local sailing celebrity/champion Ken Read aboard.

Other teams competing in the Worlds are returning 2019 World Champion Columbia (US-16), American Eagle (US-21), Nefertiti (US-19), Weatherly (US-17), and Onawa (US-6).

The 12 Metre Worlds will be headquartered at the International Yacht Restoration School (IYRS) where the 12 Metres will be berthed throughout the event. The public can see the boats at IYRS from the water and will be able to view the 12 Metres during the Parade of Sail through Newport Harbor, which will take place Saturday, August 5 at 10:00 AM. The 12 Metre Yacht Club will further involve the community through its partnership with the Boys & Girls Clubs of Rhode Island (BGCRI). Kids from BCGRI and local students involved in the Sail Newport educational program will ride aboard the Twelves in the Parade.

Closer on the horizon is a special “Golden Age of 12 Metres in the America’s Cup” program, scheduled for June 8 and hosted by the America’s Cup Hall of Fame at The Sailing Museum in downtown Newport. This ticketed event will relive the excitement and glamour of one of the most exhilarating periods in America’s Cup history. With many 12 Metre luminaries expected to attend, it will be emceed by Hall of Famer Gary Jobson, a renowned commentator who won the America’s Cup in 1974 as crew aboard Courageous (with Ted Hood skippering) and again in 1977 as tactician (with Ted Turner skippering). The celebration of 12 Metres will continue at a 12 Metre Legends party on July 30 at the Clarke Cooke House. Hosted by the 12 Metre Yacht Club and the America’s Cup Hall of Fame/Herreshoff Museum, this event officially kicks off the Worlds.

Making the 12 Metre Worlds possible are sponsors Audrain Hospitality; Edge Realty; Flux Marine; Gill Marine; Grand Banks Marine Group; Hammetts Hotel; Lemon & Line; North Sails; Pallas Capital Advisors; PKF O’Connor Davies; Seabags; and Starkweather & Shepley Insurance.

Spectator and sponsorship opportunities are available. For more information, contact Peggy Hersam, 12 Metre Yacht Club Executive Director, 12myachtclub@gmail.com, +1 (203) 807-1066. Notice of Race and other race information available at http://www.12mrworlds.com.

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International Twelve Metre Association

ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL 12 METRE ASSOCIATION (ITMA)

The 112 year-old International 12 Metre Class encompasses a living history of racing yacht design by the world’s foremost naval architects including Olin Stephens, Clinton Crane, William Fife III, Philip Rhodes, Johan Anker, Ben Lexcen and more who pushed their designs to the very limits of innovation. The resulting boats represented the pinnacle of yacht development from 1907-1987 for the highest levels of international sailing competition– the Olympic Games (1908-1920) and the America’s Cup (1958-1987).

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CONTACTS:

Administration & Sponsorship:
12 Metre Yacht Club
Peggy Hersam
12myachtclub@gmail.com
+1 (203) 807-1066

Press Officer:
Media Pro Int’l
Barby MacGowan
Barby.Macgowan@MediaProNewport.com
+1 401-849-0220

Communications Director:
International 12 Metre Assocation
SallyAnne Santos
ITMAcommunications@gmail.com
+1 917-330-1730


Quicklinks:

12mR Worlds Official:
https://12mrworlds.com/

12 Metre Yacht Club, Newport Station:
https://12myc.org

Ida Lewis Yacht Club:
https://ilyc.org

International Twelve Metre Association (ITMA)
https://12mrclass.com


social:

12mR Worlds Official Facebook:
@12MetreWorldChampionship

12mR Worlds Instagram
@12mRWorldChampionship

12MYC Instagram: @12_metre_yacht_club

12MYC Facebook: @12MetreYachtClub

12MYC Twitter: @12myc_Newport

ITMA Instagram:
@12metreclass

ITMA Facebook:
@12mRClass


hashtags:

#12mRClass, #12mRWorlds, #202312mRWorldsNewport, #12MYC, #InternationalTwelveMetreAssociation, #12mR, #12Meter, 12Metre, #NewportRI


OAKCLIFF TRAINEES TO RACE HISTORIC 12 METRE COURAGEOUS (US-26) IN WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP

Editors’ Note: To receive the 12 Metre Worlds blog, sign up here: https://12mRworlds.com

2032 12mR World Championship, Newport, RI

OAKCLIFF TRAINEES TO RACE HISTORIC 12 METRE COURAGEOUS (US-26) IN WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP

OAKCLIFF SAILING logo

OYSTER BAY, NY, USA (March 23, 2023)– Oakcliff Sailing will campaign the historic 12 Metre Courageous (US-26) for the 2023 World Championship in Newport, RI, Oakcliff executive director Dawn Riley announced today. The boat will be raced by a young and diverse team of sailors selected from Oakcliff’s Acorn and Sapling training programs.

“This will be a bit of a David-and-Goliath situation with our young, aspiring sailors racing 12 Metres against the best of the best from around the world,” said Riley, a dual hall-of-famer. “Most of our sailors and some of their parents were not even alive the last time this class competed for the America’s Cup.” 12 Metres were used from 1958 to 1987.

Iconic two-time America's Cup winning Twelve Metre yacht Courageous (US-26) racing to weather on Narragansett Bay.  photo by: SallyAnne Santos, (c)2015 Windlass Creative
Iconic two-time America’s Cup winning Twelve Metre yacht Courageous (US-26) racing to weather on Narragansett Bay. photo: SallyAnne Santos, (c)2015 WindlassCreative

Courageous (US-26) has meant so much to the American sailing community and to Newport in particular,” said Kimbra Walter, who with her husband Mark owns Courageous and will provide support for the forthcoming campaign. “We feel a responsibility to use Courageous’ next chapter to help the world of sailing gain a wider and more diverse following. We want to offer more young women and people from every background the opportunity to experience the joy of sailing—and to be able to turn it into a profession. We’re grateful to be working toward this alongside Dawn Riley, a legend in the sport and a model for our efforts.”

Courageous (US-26) won the America’s Cup in 1974 with Ted Hood and Dennis Connor on board and again in 1977 skippered by Ted Turner with Gary Jobson as tactician, becoming the second and last boat to successfully defend the Cup. Jobson has agreed to share his experience and insight with the Oakcliff team this summer. Courageous also holds a prominent place in The Sailing Museum and the America’s Cup Hall of Fame in Newport.

“Having this team onboard Courageous will do so much to continue to move the conversation forward and break new ground in ethnic and gender diversity” said Heather Rusham, executive director of The Sailing Museum. She added, “We look forward to working with Oakcliff and the Walters to showcase what is possible to all visitors and members of our community.”

2023 12mR World Championship Registration and Race Documents including the Notice of Race can be found here.

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OAKCLIFF SAILING logo

ABOUT OAKCLIFF

Oakcliff is located in Oyster Bay, New York and is a workforce training center for those wishing to explore a professional career in the sport of sailing and the associated marine industry. Need-based scholarships are available. An additional America True Scholarship is reserved for sailors from community sailing programs. More than 90% of Oakcliff graduates are employed, and many are leaders in their field, playing roles in the America’s Cup, preparing for the Olympics or racing around the world.


Applications are open for Oakcliff’s Acorn and Sapling training programs, which are open to anyone 15 or older with an interest in sailing. To learn more about the Oakcliff programs or to apply, visit https://www.oakcliffsailing.org/programs/acorn-programs or call (516) 802-0368.


International Twelve Metre Association

ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL 12 METRE ASSOCIATION (ITMA)

The 112 year-old International 12 Metre Class encompasses a living history of racing yacht design by the world’s foremost naval architects including Olin Stephens, Clinton Crane, William Fife III, Philip Rhodes, Johan Anker, Ben Lexcen and more who pushed their designs to the very limits of innovation. The resulting boats represented the pinnacle of yacht development from 1907-1987 for the highest levels of international sailing competition– the Olympic Games (1908-1920) and the America’s Cup (1958-1987).


Quicklinks:

12mR Worlds Official:
https://12mrworlds.com/

12 Metre Yacht Club, Newport Station:
https://12myc.org

Ida Lewis Yacht Club:
https://ilyc.org

International Twelve Metre Association (ITMA)
https://12mrclass.com


social:

12mR Worlds Official Facebook:
@12MetreWorldChampionship

12mR Worlds Instagram
@12mRWorldChampionship

12MYC Instagram: @12_metre_yacht_club

12MYC Facebook: @12MetreYachtClub

12MYC Twitter: @12myc_Newport

ITMA Instagram:
@12metreclass

ITMA Facebook:
@12mRClass


hashtags:

#12mRClass, #12mRWorlds, #202312mRWorldsNewport, #12MYC, #InternationalTwelveMetreAssociation, #12mR, #12Meter, 12Metre, #NewportRI


12 Metre World Championship Scheduled for Newport, Rhode Island in 2023

Editors’ Note: To receive the 12 Metre Worlds blog, sign up here: https://12mRworlds.com

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Barby MacGowan, Media Pro International, +1 (401) 849-0220 or Peggy Hersam, 12 Metre Yacht Club, +1 (203) 807-1066

Legendary SAilboats Tied to America’s Cup Will Provide Spectacular Racing

NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, USA (December 8, 2022)– Next summer in Newport, R.I., an exciting schedule of competitive sailing will be punctuated by the 2023 12mR World Championship, an International Twelve Metre Association (ITMA) event organized by the 12 Metre Yacht Club Newport Station (official home of ITMA’s Americas 12mR fleet) in partnership with Organizing Authority Ida Lewis Yacht Club. With racing set to take place July 31-August 5, an international fleet of 12 Metres will converge on Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound much as they did in the years between 1958 and 1983 when many of these awe-inspiring sailboats competed here for a chance to become a contender in the renowned America’s Cup and, more recently, when they vied for class titles at their 2019 12mR Worlds. (The most recent 12mR World Championship was held in 2021 in Helsinki, Finland.)

2019 12mR World Champion (Traditional Division) Columbia (US-16) will compete in the 2023 12mR World Championship set for next summer. Photo Credit: Chris Tucker

“It’s very special that this event is returning to Newport, especially because of the rich history this city shares with the America’s Cup,” said Peggy Hersam, Executive Director of the 12 Metre Yacht Club Newport Station. “A large concentration of 12 Metres, many of which have ties to the Cup, make their home in Newport; however, the fleet is worldwide and going strong. It will be amazing for visitors and locals alike to encounter these iconic boats tuning up for and competing in this most important event.”

Leading up to the 2023 Worlds, the fleet will be busy racing a full schedule of regattas and practices out of Newport, including two class-sanctioned regattas, the New York Yacht Club Annual Regatta, June 9-11 and the Sail Newport Regatta, July 7-9 (serving as the 12 Metre Pre-Worlds). The fleet will be divided into five divisions — Grand Prix, Modern, Traditional, Vintage, and “Spirit of Tradition”— and have healthy representation in each, including returning 2019 World Champions Columbia (US-16, Traditional Division) and Challenge XII (KA-10, Modern Division). Other teams expected to compete include America II (US-42), America II (US-46), American Eagle (US-21), Courageous (US-26), Defender (US-33), Enterprise (US-27), Freedom (US-30), Gleam (US-11), Intrepid (US-22), Nefertiti (US-19), Onawa (US-6), and Weatherly (US-17).

Weatherly’s owner/skipper Steve Eddleston, who also serves as Commodore of the 12 Metre Yacht Club Newport Station, said his work will be cut out for him. “It’s always exhilarating to be out on the water with our beautiful boat and our skilled and determined team sailing against other world famous 12 Metre yachts of such historic distinction,” said Eddleston. “To paraphrase John F. Kennedy from 60 years ago when he spoke in Newport about the America’s Cup duel between Weatherly and Gretel, ‘We are most certainly racing against each other, but we are also racing with each other against the wind and the sea.’ Nothing comes close to competing in a 12 Metre World event!”

Enterprise (US-27) and 2019 12mR World Champion (Modern Division) Challenge XII (KA-10) vie for position while Freedom (US-30) nips at their heels during the 2019 12mR World Championship in Newport, R.I. All three 12 Metres will be returning to Newport for the upcoming 2023 Worlds. Photo Credit: Ian Roman

A base camp for the teams during the five days of Worlds competition will be established at the International Yacht Restoration School (IYRS). Organizing Authority Ida Lewis Yacht Club will provide another stellar Race Committee and support volunteers for a variety of posts during the regatta, while a cadre of all-star international judges will fly in for this prestigious event.

Social events are planned for every evening of the Worlds, including the Opening Ceremonies, a ‘Legends’ Dinner at the Clarke Cooke House, post-racing socials, and an Awards Gala at IYRS. The 12 Metre Yacht Club will further involve the community through its partnership with the Boys & Girls Clubs of Rhode Island, giving underserved children a chance to learn about the boats, their history, and the crews and science that drive them.

Spectator and sponsorship opportunities are available. For more information, contact Peggy Hersam, 12 Metre Yacht Club Executive Director, 12myachtclub@gmail.com, +1 (203) 807-1066.

Registration and Race Documents including the Notice or Race can be found here.

Competing 12 Metres gather dockside at the 2019 12 Metre Worlds in Newport, R.I. Photo Credit: Ian Roman

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CONTACTS:

Administration & Sponsorship:
12 Metre Yacht Club
Peggy Hersam
12myachtclub@gmail.com
+1 (203) 807-1066

Press Officer:
Media Pro Int’l
Barby MacGowan
Barby.Macgowan@MediaProNewport.com
+1 401-849-0220

Communications Director:
International 12 Metre Assocation
SallyAnne Santos
ITMAcommunications@gmail.com
+1 917-330-1730


Quicklinks:

12mR Worlds Official:
https://12mrworlds.com/

12 Metre Yacht Club, Newport Station:
https://12myc.org

Ida Lewis Yacht Club:
https://ilyc.org

International Twelve Metre Association (ITMA)
https://12mrclass.com


social:

12mR Worlds Official Facebook:
@12MetreWorldChampionship

12mR Worlds Instagram
@12mRWorldChampionship

12MYC Instagram: @12_metre_yacht_club

12MYC Facebook: @12MetreYachtClub

12MYC Twitter: @12myc_Newport

ITMA Instagram:
@12metreclass

ITMA Facebook:
@12mRClass


hashtags:

#12mRClass, #12mRWorlds, #202312mRWorldsNewport, #12MYC, #InternationalTwelveMetreAssociation, #12mR, #12Meter, 12Metre, #NewportRI


International Twelve Metre Association

ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL 12 METRE ASSOCIATION (ITMA)

The 112 year-old International 12 Metre Class encompasses a living history of racing yacht design by the world’s foremost naval architects including Olin Stephens, Clinton Crane, William Fife III, Philip Rhodes, Johan Anker, Ben Lexcen and more who pushed their designs to the very limits of innovation. The resulting boats represented the pinnacle of yacht development from 1907-1987 for the highest levels of international sailing competition– the Olympic Games (1908-1920) and the America’s Cup (1958-1987).

2021 12mR Worlds COVID-19 Update: 7/27/21

2021 12 Metre World Championship, Helsinki Finland

FROM: JOANNA CATANI
TO: 2021 12mR WORLDS COMPETITORS
DATE: July 27, 2021
RE: COVID-19 Protocol

Dear 12mR Sailors,

We look forward to welcoming you to the 2021 EVLI 12mR World Championship in just 18 days! Our efforts continue to ensure a safe environment for you, your crews and families. 

The Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare (THL) continues to monitor the Covid-19 situation; the latest information on traveling and testing can be found here.

Below you will find updates and additional links to help you enjoy your visit to Helsinki.

Suomen Ilmakuva / Helsinki Marketing
photo by: Suomen Ilmakuva / Helsinki Marketing

TRAVELING TO AND FROM FINLAND

Internal border control has ended on 26 July. This means that travelling from the EU and Schengen countries to Finland is allowed without restrictions.

If you are arriving outside of EU and Schengen countries:
  • You may enter Finland from all countries IF:
    • You have been fully vaccinated (twice) and it has been at least 14 days since second vaccination. Be prepared to show vaccination document, in English, at the border.
    • If you have had Covid-19 within the the past 6 months
    • Special groups are admitted –such as representatives of culture, sports and business life. The Organizing Committee has informed Finland’s border control about our event.

If you’d like to take a Coronavirus test when entering Finland, we recommend that you register with Finentry. It is a service for travelers to obtain a Coronavirus test in Finland free of charge. You may book an appointment for testing a maximum of 7 days in advance.

When leaving Finland:
  • Follow the instructions imposed by your destination country.
  • If you require a PCR-test, please contact the Service Desk for booking assistance.

BASIC RULES & HYGIENE PRACTICES

  • Disinfectant dispensers will be available at the NJK throughout the week
  • All contact surfaces such as door handles and taps are regularly disinfected
  • We remind all participants to:
    • Wash your hands regularly
    • Keep 1.5 metre social distance
    • Cough or sneeze into a paper towel or the inside of your elbow
    • If you have any symptoms such as cough, fever or nausea contact health authorities right away. The Service Desk or Hotel Reception will help you with this.
    • Latest Covid-19 updates are found here.
Kuvatoimisto Kuvio Oy / Helsinki Marketing
photo by: Kuvatoimisto Kuvio Oy / Helsinki Marketing
WEARING A MASK:
  • While not mandatory In Finland, many people wear masks while indoors at public places such as department stores, shops, restaurants and on public transportation
  • Please respect the recommendations of the shopkeepers and owners of establishments
  • Extra masks will be available at NJK.
SHOPS:
RESTAURANTS:
  • Restaurants, bars and cafes are open to public, so you can fully enjoy the Finnish hospitality after the race day.
  • Check out the Social Program and make reservations with some of our Partner restaurants
  • Ask for recommendations at the Service Desk
Mikko Huotari / Helsinki Marketing
photo by: Mikko Huotari / Helsinki Marketing
HOTEL:
  • Hotel Scandic has a Covid protocol in place to make your stay as comfortable as possible
  • At this time, it appears that hotels will be functioning pretty “normally” in August.

Finally, you may be confident that the 12mR Worlds Event Committee will continue to do our utmost to ensure a safe experience for everyone.

Please do not hesitate to contact Johanna Catani with any enquiries.

We look forward to welcoming you to Helsinki soon!

Johanna Catani
Social Responsibility

Flica II (K-14), The “First” America’s Cup 12mR?

Designed by Laurent Giles to the 12mR Third Rule, Flica II (K-14) was the last yacht built at the 140-year-old W. Fife & Son boatyard when she slid down the rails in 1939. Although she was the last from the famed yard, arguably Flica II (K-14) was the first 12mR built for the modern Americas’ Cup era.

Flica II (K-14) heading to the weather mark. photo by: Kim Weckström
Flica II (K-14) heading to the weather mark. photo by: Kim Weckström

In 1928 Sir Richard Fairey and designer Charles Nicholson had undertaken extensive research and development to create a new 12 Metre Class racing yacht, the result had been the Second Rule Flica (K-16). With Fairey at the helm, her racing success was unparalleled and Flica was considered to be the “best” 12mR of the day.

Hugh Goodson purchased K-16 in 1934 and continued her racing success through 1938. He too had 12mR America’s Cup ambitions when he commissioned Flica II (K-14). She raced in very good company with other 12s designed by the leading J-Class designers of her time including William Fife’s Vanity V (K-5), Alfred Mylne’s Jenetta (K-1), Charles Nicholson’s Tomahawk (K-13) and Olin Stephen’s Vim (US-15). Flica II had the benefit of many design innovations including tank testing, aluminum spars, rudder trim tabs, rod rigging and coffee grinder-style winches.

DSC09672
Flica II (K-14) crew displaying teamwork at a mark rounding. photo by: Kim Weckström

Finally, in 1958 the New York Yacht Club accepted the first post-War America’s Cup Challenge from the Royal Yacht Squadron syndicate led by Hugh Goodson. Flica II (K-14) had been tested against Evaine (K-2) and Sceptre (K-17), but ultimately it was Sceptre that Goodson raced as the first 12mR Challenger versus Olin Stephen’s Columbia (US-16) who successfully defended the America’s Cup that year.

In the intervening years, Flica II has passed between a dozen owners, along the way she won the 12mR Class at Cowes Week in 1958 and the Royal Thames Yacht Club Queen’s Cup in 1961. An engine was installed in 1964 when she was converted to an auxiliary yawl. In 1968 her mast was moved forward; a doghouse and portholes were installed and she cruised as an auxiliary ketch until she disappeared from the Lloyd’s Register in 1978. In 1989, Robert Tiedeman rescued her from abandonment on a Caribbean shore. He salvaged and sold her to Bruno Pozzi who provided a complete restoration at Camper & Nicholson— only the keel, rudder and some original planking remained. From 1993-99, while owned by Stefano and Francesca Tanzi, she enjoyed racing success in the Mediterranean including winning the Coppa Europa in 1995.

Flica II (K-14) racing with Vanity V (K-5). photo by: Kim Weckström
Flica II (K-14) racing with Vanity V (K-5). photo by: Kim Weckström

In 2000, Alexander Falk purchased Flica II and brought her to Hamburg (DE) to join ITMA’s Northern European fleet. She has since been meticulously maintained and continues to compete successfully in both the Baltic and Mediterranean fleets. With her distinctive black hull and sails she is a striking standout in the Vintage division.

This year, Flica II will have another chance to prove herself versus contemporaries Vanity V (K-5), Jenetta (K-1), Vim (US-15) and Blue Marlin (FIN-1) —all of whom she will meet again at the 2021 Evli 12mR World Championship at Helsinki (FN) from August 14-22.